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- Step 1
What type of source are you referring to? Find it in the list below and go to the appropriate section, then go to Step 2.
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08.4.1 Print Media
Journal Article
First reference: John D. Author, “Title,” Journal volume/issue (year): page(s).
Bibliography: Author, John D. “Title.” Journal volume/issue (year): page(s).
Note that, According to SBL convention, double quotation marks are used and the comma (or full stop) goes inside them. A closing question mark or exclamation mark replaces the full stop of a bibliography, but not the comma of a reference (see the second example). The issue number should only be included if the pagination starts afresh in each issue (compare the examples). The page numbers are preceded by a colon. In second and subsequent references, only the author’s surname, an abbreviated title, and the relevant page(s) need be supplied. In the bibliography, full stops follow author and title, and the journal title is fully written.
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First Reference | 10. Mark W. Chavalas, “Did Abraham Ride a Camel?,” BAR 44.6 (2018): 52, 64-65. |
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Second Reference | 11. Chavalas, “Did Abraham Ride a Camel?,” 64. |
Bibliography | Chavalas, Mark W. “Did Abraham Ride a Camel?” Biblical Archaeology Review 44.6 (2018): 52, 64–65. |
Second Reference | 11. Chavalas, “Did Abraham Ride a Camel?,” 64. |
Bibliography | Chavalas, Mark W. “Did Abraham Ride a Camel?” Biblical Archaeology Review 44.6 (2018): 52, 64–65. |
Books and Edited Books
First reference: Author(s)[or, Editor(s), ed(s).], Title, ed. editor, trans. translator, number of volumes vols., edition ed., series-title number (place: publisher, year), page(s).
Bibliography: Author(s)[or, Editor(s), ed(s).]. Title. Edited by editor. Translated by translator. number of volumes vols. edition ed. series-title number. place: publisher, year.
The main change from the old SBL style is that ONLY the publication details (place: publisher, year) are included within parentheses in footnotes. When there are two or three authors or editors, list them all and separate the last two by “and”. When there are more than three, list just the first followed by “et al.” in the first reference, but list all of them in the bibliography. The page numbers (omitted in the bibliography) are preceded by a comma. In the bibliographic version, all elements before the place of publication are separated by full stops, and “edited by” and “translated by” are fully written.
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First Reference
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17. James Robinson and Helmut Koester, Trajectories Through Early Christianity (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971), 23.
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Second Reference
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25. Robinson and Koester, Trajectories, 23.
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Bibliography
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Robinson, James, and Helmut Koester. Trajectories Through Early Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971.
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First Reference
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2. John F. Oates et al., eds., Checklist of Editions of Greek and Latin Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets, 4th ed., BASPSup 7 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992), 10.
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Second Reference
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5. Oates et al., Checklist, 4.
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Bibliography
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Oates, John F., William H. Willis, Roger S. Bagnall, and Klaas A. Worp, eds. Checklist of Editions of Greek and Latin Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets. 4th ed. Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, Supplements 7. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992.
Note that “eds.” is omitted in the second reference; and in the bibliography, the series title is written in full. It is not necessary to include the names of the editors of the series, if given. Do not confuse impressions, printings, or reprints with editions. A second edition represents a change in the text from the first edition, whereas an impression is merely a reprinting of the same edition. A book which is styled the fifth printing of the first edition is cited by the date of the first edition, not the date of the printing. Do not use a reprint date.
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First Reference
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48. Adolf Harnack, History of Dogma, trans. Neil Buchanan, 7 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1896–1905).
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Second Reference
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58. Harnack, History of Dogma, 2:126.
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Bibliography
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Harnack, Adolf. History of Dogma. Translated from the 3rd German ed. by Neil Buchanan. 7 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, 1896–1905.
Note that in the second reference the volume number is in Arabic numerals, and separated from the page numbers by a colon. Note also the fuller information provided in the bibliography regarding the translation.
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Books
First reference: Author(s), Title, ed. editor, trans. translator, number of volumes vols., edition ed., series-title number (place: publisher, year), page(s).
Bibliography: Author(s). Title. Edited by editor. Translated by translator. number of volumes vols. edition ed. series-title number. place: publisher, year.
The main change from the old SBL style is that ONLY the publication details (place: publisher, year) are included within parentheses in footnotes. When there are two or three authors or editors, list them all and separate the last two by “and”. When there are more than three, list just the first followed by “et al.” in the first reference, but list all of them in the bibliography. The page numbers (omitted in the bibliography) are preceded by a comma. In the bibliographic version, all elements before the place of publication are separated by full stops, and “edited by” and “translated by” are fully written.
First Reference: | 17. James Robinson and Helmut Koester, Trajectories Through Early Christianity (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971), 23. |
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Second Reference: | 25. Robinson and Koester, Trajectories, 23. |
Bibliography: | Robinson, James, and Helmut Koester. Trajectories Through Early Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971. |
It is not necessary to include the names of the editors of the series, if given. Do not confuse impressions, printings, or reprints with editions. A second edition represents a change in the text from the first edition, whereas an impression is merely a reprinting of the same edition. A book which is styled the fifth printing of the first edition is cited by the date of the first edition, not the date of the printing. Do not use a reprint date.
First Reference: | 48. Adolf Harnack, History of Dogma, trans. Neil Buchanan, 7 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1896–1905). |
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Second Reference: | 58. Harnack, History of Dogma, 2:126. |
Bibliography: | Harnack, Adolf. History of Dogma. Translated from the 3rd German ed. by Neil Buchanan. 7 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, 1896–1905. |
Note that in the second reference the volume number is in Arabic numerals, and separated from the page numbers by a colon. Note also the fuller information provided in the bibliography regarding the translation.
Edited Books
First reference: Editor(s), ed(s)., Title, trans. translator, number of volumes vols., edition ed., series-title number (place: publisher, year), page(s).
Bibliography: Editor(s), ed(s). Title. Translated by translator. number of volumes vols. edition ed. series-title number. place: publisher, year.
The main change from the old SBL style is that ONLY the publication details (place: publisher, year) are included within parentheses in footnotes. When there are two or three editors, list them all and separate the last two by “and”. When there are more than three, list just the first followed by “et al.” in the first reference, but list all of them in the bibliography. The page numbers (omitted in the bibliography) are preceded by a comma. In the bibliographic version, all elements before the place of publication are separated by full stops, and “translated by” is fully written.
First Reference: | 2 John F. Oates et al., eds., Checklist of Editions of Greek and Latin Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets, 4th ed., BASPSup 7 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992), 10. |
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Second Reference: | 5 Oates et al., Checklist, 4. |
Bibliography: | Oates, John F., William H. Willis, Roger S. Bagnall, and Klaas A. Worp, eds. Checklist of Editions of Greek and Latin Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets. 4th ed. Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, Supplements 7. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992. |
Note that in the bibliography, the series title is written in full. It is not necessary to include the names of the editors of the series, if given.
Recent Reprint Title (N.B.—where possible, cite from the original)
First Reference | 16. John Van Seters, In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983; repr., Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1997), 35. |
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Second Reference | 17. Van Seters, In Search, 70. |
Bibliography | Van Seters, John. In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983. Repr., Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1997. |
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Article in an Edited Volume
First reference: Author(s), “Title,” in Book Title, ed. editor(s), trans. translator, number of volumes vols., edition ed., series-title number (place: publisher, year), page(s).
Bibliography: Author(s). “Title.” Pages page(s) in Book Title. Edited by editor(s). Translated by translator. number of volumes vols. edition ed. series-title number. place: publisher, year.
First Reference | 11. William J. Dumbrell, “Paul’s Use of Exodus 34 in 2 Corinthians 3,” in God Who is Rich in Mercy: Essays Presented to Dr. D. B. Knox, ed. Peter T. O’Brien and David G. Peterson (Homebush West, N.S.W.: Lancer, 1986), 179–94. |
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Second Reference | 17. Dumbrell, “Paul’s Use of Exodus,” 181–82. |
Bibliography | Dumbrell, William J. “Paul’s Use of Exodus 34 in 2 Corinthians 3.” Pages 179–94 in God Who is Rich in Mercy: Essays Presented to Dr. D. B. Knox. Edited by Peter T. O’Brien and David G. Peterson. Homebush West, N.S.W.: Lancer, 1986. |
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Quoting already-quoted words (e.g. when the book you are reading mentions or quotes an ancient or foreign-language source). If possible, go back to the source and cite it for yourself! If the source is unavailable or unintelligible, do not include it in your bibliography, as you did not consult it. In footnotes, imitate the following examples:
12. J. G. Eichhorn, Einleitung in das Alte Testament, 3rd edn (Leipzig: Weidmannischen Buchhandlung, 1803), 3:154, cited by Andrew G. Shead, A Mouth Full of Fire: The Word of God in the Words of Jeremiah, NSBT 29 (Leicester: IVP, 2012), 79.
17. Hadad-yith‘i inscription (800 BC), translated by Sandra L. Richter, The Deuteronomistic History and the Name Theology, BZAW 318 (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2002), 203.
27. Sefire Inscriptions, Stele I, Face B, trans. Joseph A. Fitzmeyer, in William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger, Jr., eds., The Context of Scripture (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 2:214.
Beyond this there remain complex examples for which, at an undergraduate level, consistency and common sense should be the guide rather than strict adherence to the letter of the law. If further help is necessary, refer to the SBL Handbook, 95–102, for examples of citations from conference papers, magazine articles, ANET, COS, the Loeb Classical Library, papyri, ostraca, ancient epistles and homilies, the Ante- and Post-Nicene Fathers, J.-P. Migne’s Patrologia Latina and Patrologia Graeca, and Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Before citing texts from the Judaean Desert, see the SBL Handbook, 176.
There is no need to list references to the Bible. Likewise, there is no need to list references to well-known documents from church history or antiquity. Like biblical references, these can be cited in parentheses within the main body of the text. For example:
(Josephus, Ant. 2.233–235)
(b. B. Bat. 12a)
(Calvin, Inst. III.ii.2)
(Barth, CD IV/1, 128)
When you come across other works which are referred to by similar such abbreviations (e.g. Luther’s works or the Mishnah), imitate the usage of your source in your own referencing. Note that when you cite the exact words of a translation of ancient or classic modern works, the translator should be acknowledged. In this case, the source should be included in the bibliography.
(Calvin, Inst. III.ii.2 [Battles])
(Josephus, Ant. 2.233–235 [Thackeray, LCL])
Josephus. Translated by H. St J. Thackeray et al. 10 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1937.
08.4.2 Electronic Media
NOTE: The attention of students is drawn to the variable quality of material available on the Internet. Much of it is “informal,” i.e. it has not been subject to review by publishers or normal academic peer review. Accordingly care should be exercised in the citing of such material.
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If it is a rare book, provide the DOI/URL or the name of the database you accessed. Two bibliography entries may serve as examples:
Abbott, George. The Whole Booke of Iob Paraphrased, or, Made Easie for Any to Understand. London: Printed by Edward Griffin for Henry Overton, 1640. http://rarebooks.dts.edu/viewbook.aspx?bookid=1206.
Coverdale, Miles. Goostly Psalmes and Spirituall Songes Drawen out of the Holy Scripture, for the Comforte and Consolacyon of Soch as Loue to Reioyse in God and His Worde. London: Iohan Gough, 1535. Early English Books Online.
Online Database
When citing databases with formally published content, the author of the content or the owner of the site should be referenced, plus the title of the content, the name of the database, and a release or revision date. Two bibliography entries may serve as examples:
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Archival sources include correspondence, meeting minutes, unpublished papers or lectures, oral history recordings and photographs, which are held in an institutional collection. Include enough information so that another person can find the same document or collection. Use square brackets to indicate information not recorded on the document. Publications of limited circulation (e.g. newsletters) are cited in the same way as published periodicals. Digitised audio and video recordings may be cited in the same way online audiovisual material.
Letter from an archive
First reference: Author, to recipient, date, repository, series no.
First Reference | 34. W.G. Broughton to George Gilbert, 24 June 1844, Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 033-20-2. |
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Second Reference | 38. Broughton to Gilbert, 1844. |
Bibliography | W.G. Broughton to George Gilbert. 24 June 1844. Samuel Marsden Archives. Series 033-20-2. |
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Unpublished paper or lecture from an archive
First reference: Author, title, date, collection, repository, series no.
First Reference | 34. T.C. Hammond. “Lighter moments in a long life.” 1960. T.C. Hammond Papers, Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 044-7-1. |
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Second Reference | 38. Hammond, “Lighter moments.” |
Bibliography | Hammond, T.C. “Lighter moments in a long life.” 1960. T.C. Hammond Papers, Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 044-7-1. |
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