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08.4.1 Print Media
Journal Article
First reference: John D. Author, “Title,” Journal volume/issue (year): page(s).
Bibliography: Author, John D. “Title.” Journal volume/issue (year): page(s).
Note that, According to SBL convention, double quotation marks are used and the comma (or full stop) goes inside them. A closing question mark or exclamation mark replaces the full stop of a bibliography, but not the comma of a reference (see the second example). The issue number should only be included if the pagination starts afresh in each issue (compare the examples). The page numbers are preceded by a colon. In second and subsequent references, only the author’s surname, an abbreviated title, and the relevant page(s) need be supplied. In the bibliography, full stops follow author and title, and the journal title is fully written.
First Reference | 15. Stephen K. Williams, “The ‘Righteousness of God’ in Romans,” JBL 99 (1980): 261. |
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Second Reference | 21. Williams, “Righteousness,” 270. |
Bibliography | Williams, Stephen K. “The ‘Righteousness of God’ in Romans.” Journal of Biblical Literature 99 (1980): 241–90. |
First Reference | 10. Mark W. Chavalas, “Did Abraham Ride a Camel?,” BAR 44.6 (2018): 52, 64-65. |
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Second Reference | 11. Chavalas, “Did Abraham Ride a Camel?,” 64. |
Bibliography | Chavalas, Mark W. “Did Abraham Ride a Camel?” Biblical Archaeology Review 44.6 (2018): 52, 64–65. |
Books
First reference: Author(s), Title, ed. editor, trans. translator, number of volumes vols., edition ed., series-title number (place: publisher, year), page(s).
Bibliography: Author(s). Title. Edited by editor. Translated by translator. number of volumes vols. edition ed. series-title number. place: publisher, year.
The main change from the old SBL style is that ONLY the publication details (place: publisher, year) are included within parentheses in footnotes. When there are two or three authors or editors, list them all and separate the last two by “and”. When there are more than three, list just the first followed by “et al.” in the first reference, but list all of them in the bibliography. The page numbers (omitted in the bibliography) are preceded by a comma. In the bibliographic version, all elements before the place of publication are separated by full stops, and “edited by” and “translated by” are fully written.
First Reference: | 17. James Robinson and Helmut Koester, Trajectories Through Early Christianity (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971), 23. |
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Second Reference: | 25. Robinson and Koester, Trajectories, 23. |
Bibliography: | Robinson, James, and Helmut Koester. Trajectories Through Early Christianity. Philadelphia: Fortress, 1971. |
It is not necessary to include the names of the editors of the series, if given. Do not confuse impressions, printings, or reprints with editions. A second edition represents a change in the text from the first edition, whereas an impression is merely a reprinting of the same edition. A book which is styled the fifth printing of the first edition is cited by the date of the first edition, not the date of the printing. Do not use a reprint date.
First Reference: | 48. Adolf Harnack, History of Dogma, trans. Neil Buchanan, 7 vols. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1896–1905), 2:121-22. |
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Second Reference: | 58. Harnack, History of Dogma, 2:126. |
Bibliography: | Harnack, Adolf. History of Dogma. Translated from the 3rd German ed. by Neil Buchanan. 7 vols. Boston: Little, Brown, 1896–1905. |
Note that in the second reference the volume number is in Arabic numerals, and separated from the page numbers by a colon. Note also the fuller information provided in the bibliography regarding the translation.
Edited Books
First reference: Editor(s), ed(s)., Title, trans. translator, number of volumes vols., edition ed., series-title number (place: publisher, year), page(s).
Bibliography: Editor(s), ed(s). Title. Translated by translator. number of volumes vols. edition ed. series-title number. place: publisher, year.
The main change from the old SBL style is that ONLY the publication details (place: publisher, year) are included within parentheses in footnotes. When there are two or three editors, list them all and separate the last two by “and”. When there are more than three, list just the first followed by “et al.” in the first reference, but list all of them in the bibliography. The page numbers (omitted in the bibliography) are preceded by a comma. In the bibliographic version, all elements before the place of publication are separated by full stops, and “translated by” is fully written.
First Reference: | 2 John F. Oates et al., eds., Checklist of Editions of Greek and Latin Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets, 4th ed., BASPSup 7 (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992), 10. |
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Second Reference: | 5 Oates et al., Checklist, 4. |
Bibliography: | Oates, John F., William H. Willis, Roger S. Bagnall, and Klaas A. Worp, eds. Checklist of Editions of Greek and Latin Papyri, Ostraca and Tablets. 4th ed. Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists, Supplements 7. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992. |
Note that in the bibliography, the series title is written in full. It is not necessary to include the names of the editors of the series, if given.
Recent Reprint Title (N.B.—where possible, cite from the original)
First Reference | 16. John Van Seters, In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983; repr., Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1997), 35. |
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Second Reference | 17. Van Seters, In Search, 70. |
Bibliography | Van Seters, John. In Search of History: Historiography in the Ancient World and the Origins of Biblical History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1983. Repr., Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1997. |
If a reprint is old (public domain), the original place and publisher—but not date—may be omitted.
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For research students it will normally be desirable to include details of the original if a work is cited in translation.
First Reference | 71. J. Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. John T. McNeill, trans. Ford Lewis Battles, 2 vols., LCC 20–21 (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960), III.ii.2; trans. of Institutio Christianae religionis, in libris quatuor nunc primum digesta, certisque distincta capitibus, ad aptissimam methodum: aucta etiam tam magna accessione ut propemodum opus novum haberi possit (Geneva: Robert Estienne, 1559). |
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Second Reference | 73. Calvin, Inst. II.vi.4. |
Bibliography | Calvin, J. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Edited by John T. McNeill. Translated by Ford Lewis Battles. 2 vols. Library of Christian Classics 20–21. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960. Translation of Institutio Christianae religionis, in libris quatuor nunc primum digesta, certisque distincta capitibus, ad aptissimam methodum: aucta etiam tam magna accessione ut propemodum opus novum haberi possit; Geneva: Robert Estienne, 1559. |
First Reference | 5. Julius Wellhausen, Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel (New York: Meridian Books, 1957), 296; repr. of Prolegomena to the History of Israel, trans. J. Sutherland Black and Allan Menzies, with preface by W. Robertson Smith (Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black, 1885); trans. of Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels, 2nd ed. (Berlin: G. Reimer, 1883). |
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Second Reference | 17. Wellhausen, Prolegomena, 55. |
Bibliography | Wellhausen, Julius. Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel. New York: Meridian Books, 1957. Reprint of Prolegomena to the History of Israel. Translated by J. Sutherland Black and Allan Menzies, with preface by W. Robertson Smith. Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black, 1885. Translation of Prolegomena zur Geschichte Israels. 2nd ed. Berlin: G. Reimer, 1883. |
Undergraduate students who cite a work that has been translated and/or reprinted from an older original may omit the full history of the volume and simply add the original date of publication in square brackets after the date:
First Reference | 71. Calvin, J. Institutes of the Christian Religion, ed. John T. McNeill, trans. Ford Lewis Battles, 2 vols., LCC 20–21 (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960 [1559]), III.ii.2. |
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Second Reference | 72. Calvin, Institutes, IV.i.1. |
Bibliography | Calvin, J. Institutes of the Christian Religion. Edited by John T. McNeill. Translated by Ford Lewis Battles. 2 vols. Library of Christian Classics 20–21. Philadelphia: Westminster, 1960 [1559]. |
Article in an Edited Volume
First reference: Author(s), “Title,” in Book Title, ed. editor(s), trans. translator, number of volumes vols., edition ed., series-title number (place: publisher, year), page(s).
Bibliography: Author(s). “Title.” Pages page(s) in Book Title. Edited by editor(s). Translated by translator. number of volumes vols. edition ed. series-title number. place: publisher, year.
First Reference | 11. William J. Dumbrell, “Paul’s Use of Exodus 34 in 2 Corinthians 3,” in God Who is Rich in Mercy: Essays Presented to Dr. D. B. Knox, ed. Peter T. O’Brien and David G. Peterson (Homebush West, N.S.W.: Lancer, 1986), 179–94. |
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Second Reference | 17. Dumbrell, “Paul’s Use of Exodus,” 181–82. |
Bibliography | Dumbrell, William J. “Paul’s Use of Exodus 34 in 2 Corinthians 3.” Pages 179–94 in God Who is Rich in Mercy: Essays Presented to Dr. D. B. Knox. Edited by Peter T. O’Brien and David G. Peterson. Homebush West, N.S.W.: Lancer, 1986. |
Book Review
The publication details of the reviewed work may be omitted:
First Reference | 13. Georg Sauer, review of Die Prosareden des Jeremiabuches, by Helga Weippert, ThZ 30 (1974): 172–73. |
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Second Reference | 14. Sauer, review of Die Prosareden des Jeremiabuches (by Weippert), 172. |
Bibliography | Sauer, Georg. Review of Die Prosareden des Jeremiabuches, by Helga Weippert. Theologische Zeitschrift 30 (1974): 172–73. |
Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis
The title is not italicised, but placed in quotation marks:
First Reference | 8. G. A. Cole, “Cranmer’s Views on the Bible and the Christian Prince” (MTh thesis, University of Sydney, 1983), 58. |
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Second Reference | 9. Cole, “Cranmer’s Views,” 19. |
Bibliography | Cole, Graham A. “Cranmer’s Views on the Bible and the Christian Prince.” MTh thesis, University of Sydney, 1983. |
Article in a Lexicon or Encyclopaedia
For a lexicon or theological dictionary entry (i.e. which discusses a word or family of words), you should give the title and whole page range of the entry in the first reference, but just the dictionary abbreviation and page in subsequent references. In the bibliography, cite only the dictionary. Note the Arabic numeral for the volume number, followed by a colon.
First Reference | 90. Ceslas Spicq, “αjμοιβή,” TLNT 1:95–96. |
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Second Reference | 102. Spicq, TLNT 1:95. |
Bibliography | Spicq, Ceslas. Theological Lexicon of the New Testament. Translated and edited by James D. Ernest. 3 vols. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 1994. |
An article in an encyclopaedia or dictionary (i.e. which discusses a theme, person, idea, etc.) should, however, be specifically cited in the bibliography.
First Reference | 31. K. Stendahl, “Biblical Theology, Contemporary,” IDB 1:418–32. |
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Second Reference | 34. Stendahl, “Biblical Theology,” 1:419. |
Bibliography | Stendahl, K. “Biblical Theology, Contemporary.” Pages 418–32 in vol. 1 of The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible. Edited by G. A. Buttrick. 4 vols. Nashville: Abingdon, 1962. |
Other Special Cases
Quoting already-quoted words (e.g. when the book you are reading mentions or quotes an ancient or foreign-language source). If possible, go back to the source and cite it for yourself! If the source is unavailable or unintelligible, do not include it in your bibliography, as you did not consult it. In footnotes, imitate the following examples:
12. J. G. Eichhorn, Einleitung in das Alte Testament, 3rd edn (Leipzig: Weidmannischen Buchhandlung, 1803), 3:154, cited by Andrew G. Shead, A Mouth Full of Fire: The Word of God in the Words of Jeremiah, NSBT 29 (Leicester: IVP, 2012), 79.
17. Hadad-yith‘i inscription (800 BC), translated by Sandra L. Richter, The Deuteronomistic History and the Name Theology, BZAW 318 (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2002), 203.
27. Sefire Inscriptions, Stele I, Face B, trans. Joseph A. Fitzmeyer, in William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger, Jr., eds., The Context of Scripture (Leiden: Brill, 2003), 2:214.
Beyond this there remain complex examples for which, at an undergraduate level, consistency and common sense should be the guide rather than strict adherence to the letter of the law. If further help is necessary, refer to the SBL Handbook, 95–102, for examples of citations from conference papers, magazine articles, ANET, COS, the Loeb Classical Library, papyri, ostraca, ancient epistles and homilies, the Ante- and Post-Nicene Fathers, J.-P. Migne’s Patrologia Latina and Patrologia Graeca, and Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Before citing texts from the Judaean Desert, see the SBL Handbook, 176.
There is no need to list references to the Bible. Likewise, there is no need to list references to well-known documents from church history or antiquity. Like biblical references, these can be cited in parentheses within the main body of the text. For example:
(Josephus, Ant. 2.233–235)
(b. B. Bat. 12a)
(Calvin, Inst. III.ii.2)
(Barth, CD IV/1, 128)
When you come across other works which are referred to by similar such abbreviations (e.g. Luther’s works or the Mishnah), imitate the usage of your source in your own referencing. Note that when you cite the exact words of a translation of ancient or classic modern works, the translator should be acknowledged. In this case, the source should be included in the bibliography.
(Calvin, Inst. III.ii.2 [Battles])
(Josephus, Ant. 2.233–235 [Thackeray, LCL])
Josephus. Translated by H. St J. Thackeray et al. 10 vols. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1937.
08.4.2 Electronic Media
NOTE: The attention of students is drawn to the variable quality of material available on the Internet. Much of it is “informal,” i.e. it has not been subject to review by publishers or normal academic peer review. Accordingly care should be exercised in the citing of such material.
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Electronic journals have fixed page numbers, like print journals. If you consulted the article in a library or commercial database, you may give the name of the database instead of a DOI.
First Reference | 6. Campbell Brown, “Consequentialize This,” Ethics 121.4 (July 2011): 752, http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696. |
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Second Reference | 13. Brown, “Consequentialize This,” 761. |
Bibliography | Brown, Campbell. “Consequentialize This.” Ethics 121.4 (July 2011): 749–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/660696. |
First Reference | 8. Andrew Curtin, “Covenant: The Construction of Identity in Israel,” Old Testament Research 8.4 (October 2012): 16, Academic OneFile. |
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Second Reference | 17. Curtin, “Covenant,” 18–19. |
Bibliography | Curtin, Andrew. “Covenant: The Construction of Identity in Israel.” Old Testament Research 8.4 (October 2012): 15–28. Academic OneFile. |
CD-ROM Reference with a Corresponding Print Edition
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If it is a rare book, provide the DOI/URL or the name of the database you accessed. Two bibliography entries may serve as examples:
Abbott, George. The Whole Booke of Iob Paraphrased, or, Made Easie for Any to Understand. London: Printed by Edward Griffin for Henry Overton, 1640. http://rarebooks.dts.edu/viewbook.aspx?bookid=1206.
Coverdale, Miles. Goostly Psalmes and Spirituall Songes Drawen out of the Holy Scripture, for the Comforte and Consolacyon of Soch as Loue to Reioyse in God and His Worde. London: Iohan Gough, 1535. Early English Books Online.
Online Database
When citing databases with formally published content, the author of the content or the owner of the site should be referenced, plus the title of the content, the name of the database, and a release or revision date. Two bibliography entries may serve as examples:
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NOTE: cite e-books only if a print or digitized copy with stable page numbers is not available. If an e-book is available in more than one format you should cite the version you consulted. For books consulted online, include an access date and a DOI/URL. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other number.
First Reference | 1. Stanly Johny, The ISIS Caliphate: From Syria to the Doorsteps of India (New Delhi: Bloomsbury India, 2018), ch. 1, EPUB ebook. |
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Second Reference | 17. Johny, ISIS, ch. 6. |
Bibliography | Johny, Stanly. The ISIS Caliphate: From Syria to the Doorsteps of India. New Delhi: Bloomsbury India, 2018. EPUB ebook. |
Other Material Published Online: Periodicals, Blogs, Social Media
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Informal online material should be referenced in notes and, if formally (commercially) published and of sufficient substance, in the bibliography. Blog entries are typically not included in a bibliography, as they are informal comments. Social media content need not even be referenced in a note, if a brief description in the text can suffice (see example).
First Reference | 5. Charles Truehart, “Welcome to the Next Church,” Atlantic Monthly 278 (August 1996): 37–58, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1996/08/the-next-church/376646/ . |
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Second Reference | 9. Truehart, “Next Church,” 57. |
Bibliography | Truehart, Charles. “Welcome to the Next Church.” Atlantic Monthly 278 (August 1996): 37–58. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1996/08/the-next-church/376646/ . |
First Reference | 4. Paul Helm, “Review of Oliphant’s Aquinas: II,” Helm’s Deep: Philosophical Theology (blog), 30 Dec 2018, http://paulhelmsdeep.blogspot.com/2018/12/ . |
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Second Reference | 8. Helm, “Review.” |
Bibliography | Not needed as it was not formally (commercially) published and not of sufficient substance. |
First Reference | 34. “What Does It Mean to Find Joy in Christ?” Facebook post, Moore Theological College, 16 Jan 2019 at 21:00, https://www.facebook.com/mooretheologicalcollege/posts/10156240638502523:0 . |
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Second Reference | 38. “What Does it Mean,” Facebook post. |
Bibliography | Not needed as it was not formally (commercially) published and not of sufficient substance. |
A sample text that cites social media content, both with and without a note:
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Archival sources include correspondence, meeting minutes, unpublished papers or lectures, oral history recordings and photographs, which are held in an institutional collection. Include enough information so that another person can find the same document or collection. Use square brackets to indicate information not recorded on the document. Publications of limited circulation (e.g. newsletters) are cited in the same way as published periodicals. Digitised audio and video recordings may be cited in the same way online audiovisual material.
Letter from an archive
First reference: Author, to recipient, date, repository, series no.
First Reference | 34. W.G. Broughton to George Gilbert, 24 June 1844, Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 033-20-2. |
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Second Reference | 38. Broughton to Gilbert, 1844. |
Bibliography | W.G. Broughton to George Gilbert. 24 June 1844. Samuel Marsden Archives. Series 033-20-2. |
Unpublished paper or lecture from an archive
First reference: Author, title, date, collection, repository, series no.
First Reference | 34. T.C. Hammond. “Lighter moments in a long life.” 1960. T.C. Hammond Papers, Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 044-7-1. |
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Second Reference | 38. Hammond, “Lighter moments.” |
Bibliography | Hammond, T.C. “Lighter moments in a long life.” 1960. T.C. Hammond Papers, Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 044-7-1. |
Unpublished document with group author
First Reference | 34. Moore College Women’s Auxiliary. Minutes of meeting of Moore College Women’s Auxiliary. 7 July 1945. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 017-1. |
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Second Reference | 38. Moore College Women’s Auxiliary, Minutes. |
Bibliography | Moore College Women’s Auxiliary. Minutes of meeting of Moore College Women’s Auxiliary. 7 July 1945. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 017-1. |
Citing multiple documents from the one collection
First Reference | 34. W.G. Broughton to George Gilbert, 24 June 1844. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 033-20-2. |
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Second Reference | 38. W.G. Broughton to Sarah Broughton, 29 December 1848. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 033-2-58. |
Third Reference | 38. W.G. Broughton to Edward Coleridge. 25 February 1839. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 033-1-5. Broughton, W.G. Correspondence. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 033. |
Oral history interview recording
First Reference | 34. Mary Andrews, Interview by Margaret Lamb. 7th February 1992. Digital recording, 01:17:13, https://moorecollege.access.preservica.com/IO_4ff01cbf-736b-4805-af59-2c6b04ff6419/ |
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Second Reference | 38. Andrews, Interview by Margaret Lamb. |
Bibliography | Andrews, Mary. Interview by Margaret Lamb. 7th February 1992. Digital recording, 01:17:13, https://moorecollege.access.preservica.com/IO_4ff01cbf-736b-4805-af59-2c6b04ff6419/ |
Transcription of an interview
First Reference | 34. Leon Morris. Interview by Stuart Piggin. 1988. Oral History Interview Transcripts. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 287-1. |
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Second Reference | 38. Morris, Interview by Stuart Piggin. |
Bibliography | Morris, Leon. Interview by Stuart Piggin. 1988. Oral History Interview Transcripts. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 287-1. |
Photographs (known photographer)
Reference | 34. Australian Church Record. “Deaconess visiting maternity ward.” 1958. Australian Church Record Photograph Collection. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 001-16-7-23. |
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Bibliography | Australian Church Record. “Deaconess visiting maternity ward.” 1958. Australian Church Record Photograph Collection. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 001-16-7-23. |
Photographs (unknown photographer)
Reference | 34. [Photographs of Nathaniel Jones]. Ca. 1886-1910. Nathaniel Jones Papers. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 041-13. |
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Bibliography | [Photographs of Nathaniel Jones]. Ca. 1886-1910. Nathaniel Jones Papers. Samuel Marsden Archives, Series 041-13. |