08.3.1 Footnotes and Endnotes

Footnotes and endnotes are used: (1) to give references to sources (books, articles or unpublished documents) from which you have derived facts, opinions or quotations; (2) to add comments, evidence of facts stated in the text, allusions to the differing views of other authors, and similar material which is not part of the argument but which supports it indirectly, and which would interrupt its flow if included in the main text.

If you are quoting already-quoted words (e.g. when the book you are reading quotes an ancient source), do not pretend that you were reading the original source, but describe it, and indicate that it was “cited by” or “translated by” [place where you read it]. See §8.4.9 below.

Notes are to be indicated in the text by a superscript numeral. Where practicable, the numeral should be placed at the end of the sentence (after the final punctuation) rather than after the first word to which it applies in the text.

Complete publication data must be supplied in the first note to a particular source. As a concession to space, standard abbreviations for journal and series titles should be used, and the phrases “edited by” and “translated by” abbreviated. Subsequent references to that source should use a short title and omit the author’s initials (as illustrated in 8.4).